Classical conditioning is a term often used by psychologists. In short and simple terms, it describes the process of learning through association. This phenomena is most associated with Ivan Pavlov, who while studying the role of saliva in dogs’ digestive processes by accident, stumbled upon this process. Dogs salivate in the presence of food but over time Pavlov noticed that the dogs started producing the saliva even before coming in contact with the meat. They would start salivating when the technician came in who used to feed the dogs.

There are always concerns that any system which does not have any checks and balances, the ruler is then left to do as he pleases. This can very quickly descend into a dictatorship and become oppressive for the people. Within the Islamic system due to the power that the Caliph is bestowed with, many feel that the position is dictatorial or very close to it, thus having no mechanisms for checks and balances, but this could not be further from the truth.

Turkish President Erdogan said that the supporters of his party do not show the same attitude now like in the past by saying, “If you are a companion you will come until death, not until Sunday”.

Erdogan also said, "Islamists are excluded in the AK Party."

The Jordanian Council of Ministers referred to the Council of Representatives a draft law amending the Penal Code. The bill contains amendments to seventy-one articles of the original law, which consists of four hundred sixty-six articles, that is more than one-third of the law in force. This Penal Code is being amended for the twenty-fourth time since 1960